List of questions about [web3 ]

In the world of cryptocurrency, two acronyms dominate every technical conversation: PoW (Proof of Work) and PoS (Proof of Stake).

These aren't just technical jargon; they are the "consensus mechanisms" that keep blockchains alive. Without them, a decentralized network couldn't agree on who owns what money. There is no bank manager to verify transactions, so the software needs a way to prevent fraud.

While both methods solve the same problem—securing the network—they do it in radically different ways. Understanding the difference is key to understanding the future of the industry.

Proof of Work (PoW): The Heavy Lifter

Proof of Work is the original consensus mechanism, famously introduced by Satoshi Nakamoto with Bitcoin.

Think of PoW like a global lottery that requires electricity to play.

• The Miners: Participants (miners) use powerful hardware to solve incredibly complex mathematical puzzles.
• The Work: Solving these puzzles requires massive amounts of computational power and energy. This is the "work."
• The Reward: The first miner to solve the puzzle gets the right to add the next block of transactions to the blockchain and receives newly minted crypto as a reward.

Why use it? It is incredibly secure. To hack a PoW network like Bitcoin, you would need to control 51% of the world's computing power dedicated to the network—a feat that is physically and economically nearly impossible. However, the downside is the environmental impact; Bitcoin consumes as much energy as some medium-sized countries.

Proof of Stake (PoS): The Efficient Evolution

Proof of Stake was developed as an alternative to solve the energy consumption issue. Ethereum, the second-largest cryptocurrency, famously switched from PoW to PoS in an event known as "The Merge."

In a PoS system, there are no miners. Instead, there are validators.

• The Stakers: To participate, users lock up (stake) a certain amount of the network's native cryptocurrency as collateral.
• The Lottery: The network randomly selects a validator to create the next block. The more coins you stake, the higher your chance of being chosen.
• The Security: Instead of burning energy, validators put their own money on the line. If they try to validate a fraudulent transaction, the network penalizes them by "slashing" (confiscating) their staked coins.

Why use it? It is over 99% more energy-efficient than PoW. It also lowers the barrier to entry; you don't need a warehouse full of expensive hardware to participate, just a computer and some capital.

Key Differences: Security vs. Scalability

The debate between PoW and PoS often comes down to what you value more.

1. Decentralization: PoW advocates argue that PoS can lead to centralization, where the rich get richer (since those with the most money control the network).
2. Sustainability: PoS advocates argue that PoW is environmentally unsustainable and that blockchain must go green to achieve mass adoption.
3. Security: PoW is battle-tested (Bitcoin has never been hacked). PoS is newer and relies on economic game theory rather than physical energy costs.

Conclusion

There is no clear winner, only trade-offs. Proof of Work remains the gold standard for digital commodities like Bitcoin, where absolute security and immutability are the only things that matter. Proof of Stake is becoming the standard for smart contract platforms like Ethereum and Solana, where speed, efficiency, and scalability are required to run decentralized applications.

Imagine a digital butler that manages your entire financial life—staking your Ethereum, rebalancing your portfolio, and finding the best yields in DeFi, all while you sleep. No pop-ups, no manual approvals, just an autonomous bot working 24/7 in your best interest.

This is the promise of AI Agents in crypto.

While we see "robo-advisors" in traditional finance, Web3 is lagging behind. Why? Because the current blockchain infrastructure was built for humans, not robots. For AI agents to truly take off, the underlying architecture of the crypto world needs a massive upgrade.

In this guide, we explore the critical missing pieces of Web3 infrastructure for AI agents, the solutions being built right now, and the top projects leading this revolution.

Why Web3 Isn't Ready for AI (Yet)

The original promise of Web3 was a permissionless, open internet—a perfect playground for AI. However, the reality is clunky. Current decentralized applications (dApps) assume a human is sitting behind the screen, clicking buttons and verifying transactions.

For an AI agent to function autonomously, it faces three major infrastructure hurdles:

1. The Identity Crisis (Decentralized Identity)

In Web2, you log in with a username or email. In Web3, you use a wallet address. But for an AI agent to be trusted by other agents or smart contracts, it needs more than just a string of characters.

• The Fix: Programmable Identity. Agents need verifiable credentials (VCs) that prove who they are, their reputation score, and their history, without relying on a centralized server.

2. Wallet UX for Machines

Crypto wallets like MetaMask are designed with a User Interface (UI) for human eyes—colorful buttons and confirmation pop-ups. An AI agent cannot "click" a button.[

• The Fix: Machine-Readable Wallets. We need wallets that can interpret code-based instructions and execute transactions automatically based on pre-set logic.

3. Permission Frameworks (The "All-or-Nothing" Problem)

Right now, if you give an app your private key, it has total control over your funds. This is too risky for an AI agent.

• The Fix: Programmable Permissions. We need systems similar to "OAuth" in Web2, where you can grant an AI agent limited permission (e.g., "You can trade up to $100 of ETH, but you cannot withdraw funds").

The Missing Layers: Compute and Data

While identity and wallets are crucial, an AI agent also needs a brain (Compute) and memory (Data). This is where the "infrastructure gap" provides a massive opportunity for new crypto projects.

• Decentralized Compute: AI models require immense processing power to run. Centralized servers (like AWS) are risky and expensive. Projects like Render (RNDR) and Akash Network (AKT) are building decentralized GPU marketplaces where AI agents can rent computing power on demand.
• Verifiable Data: An AI agent is only as good as the data it is fed. If an agent is making trading decisions, it needs accurate, tamper-proof data. Oracles like Chainlink (LINK) and data graphs like The Graph (GRT) are the backbone of this reliability.

Top Projects Building the AI Agent Infrastructure

For investors and developers, the value lies in the projects solving these specific bottlenecks. Here are the key players building the rails for the AI agent economy:

1. Fetch.ai (FET) / Artificial Superintelligence Alliance (ASI):
   The leader in creating autonomous economic agents. Their infrastructure allows users to build and deploy agents that can perform tasks like booking travel or optimizing supply chains on the blockchain.
2. Gnosis Safe (SAFE):
   Solving the wallet issue. Their multi-signature and smart account technology allow for programmable logic, making it safer to delegate funds to an AI agent without giving up total control.[1]
3. Lit Protocol:
   Focused on decentralized access control. It allows users to define strict rules (policies) for how their private keys are used, effectively enabling the "Programmable Permissions" needed for safe AI agents.
4. Ocean Protocol (OCEAN):
   Addresses the data layer by allowing AI agents to buy and sell data securely while preserving privacy.

The Future: When AI Meets DeFi

Once this infrastructure is built, we will witness a shift from "DeFi" (Decentralized Finance) to "AgentFi."

• Automated Arbitrage: Agents spotting price differences across 10 exchanges instantly.
• Self-Paying Wallets: Wallets that automatically pay for gas fees or subscriptions without human input.
• Dao Management: AI agents voting on governance proposals based on the optimized outcome for the protocol.

The "AI Agent" narrative is not just hype; it is the necessary evolution of Web3 usability.

Conclusion

Web3 infrastructure is currently undergoing a radical transformation to welcome its new users: machines. The projects building the identity, security, and compute layers for these AI agents are likely to define the next bull market cycle. This is your chance to get in early on the infrastructure that will power the future of automation.

The Two Worlds of Blockchain: Where Digital Dreams Meet Reality

Imagine building a skyscraper. You wouldn't start by pouring concrete on a crowded city street. First, you'd create a blueprint, then a scale model, and finally test the materials in a controlled environment. The world of blockchain operates on the same principle of "measure twice, cut once," but instead of architects and engineers, we have developers and validators. This careful dance between creation and deployment happens across two distinct, yet inseparable, realms: the Mainnet and the Testnet.

Think of them as parallel universes. One is the bustling, high-stakes metropolis where real economic activity pulses through digital veins. The other is an ever-evolving digital workshop, a sandbox of infinite possibility where ideas are forged, tested, and perfected without consequence. This fundamental separation isn't a flaw; it's the genius that allows blockchain technology to innovate safely and relentlessly.

The Immutable Ledger: Welcome to Mainnet

The Mainnet is the grand stage. It's the live, unforgiving, and permanent record of a blockchain's real-world activity. When you buy an NFT, swap tokens on a decentralized exchange, or send cryptocurrency to a friend, you are interacting with a mainnet. This is where code translates directly into value, and every transaction, once confirmed, is etched into the digital stone of the distributed ledger.

The Heartbeat of the Real Economy
Here, there are no take-backs. A mistyped wallet address can mean lost funds forever. A bug in a smart contract can drain millions in seconds. This gravity is what defines the mainnet environment. Security is not just a feature; it is the bedrock. A vast, decentralized network of validators or miners stands guard, leveraging complex consensus mechanisms to ensure that every transaction is legitimate and every block is secure. They are incentivized by real cryptocurrency rewards, creating a robust economic system that protects the network.

From Bitcoin's pioneering proof-of-work chain to Ethereum's vast ecosystem of smart contracts and dApps, and Solana's high-speed transactional highway, each mainnet serves as the sovereign territory of its native asset. It’s the production environment, the final destination for code that has been battle-tested and deemed worthy.A Quick Insight: Every mainnet begins its life with a 'genesis block'—the very first block in its chain. Its corresponding testnet has its own separate genesis block, ensuring the two worlds never collide, keeping real value and experimental data forever apart.

The Digital Workshop: The Unseen Power of Testnets

If the mainnet is the packed concert hall, the Testnet is the soundcheck. It is an almost identical replica of the mainnet, running the same core software, but with one critical difference: the tokens here are valueless. They are fuel for experimentation, freely available from 'faucets,' allowing developers to simulate every possible scenario without financial risk.

A Playground for Pioneers
This is where the future is built. Before a single line of code touches the valuable mainnet, it endures rigorous trials in the testnet sandbox. Developers deploy smart contracts, users stress-test new DeFi protocols, and core engineers simulate major network upgrades. Gas fees are paid with play money, transactions can be reversed, and networks can be reset with a snap of the fingers. This environment embraces failure as a necessary step toward perfection.

The cryptocurrency market is moving fast. We have transitioned from the era of slow, expensive Layer 1 blockchains to the high-speed "express lanes" of Layer 2. Now, as we approach 2026, we are entering the era of Layer 3.

Layer 3 networks, or "App-Chains," are specialized blockchains dedicated to a single specific purpose—like a high-performance video game or a decentralized social network. They offer what previous generations could not: zero gas fees for users, instant speeds, and complete customization.

For investors, this represents a massive shift. Capital is beginning to flow into these specialized ecosystems. In this guide, we highlight the top Layer 3 projects and the infrastructure tokens that are best positioned to dominate this new sector in 2026.

1. Xai (XAI)

If you are betting on crypto gaming driving mass adoption, Xai is the project to watch. Built on top of Arbitrum, Xai was developed specifically to solve the biggest headache in blockchain gaming: the complexity.

What makes it unique?
Xai operates as a Layer 3 that "abstracts away" the blockchain. This means traditional gamers can play games, trade items, and earn rewards without ever needing to manage a complex crypto wallet or pay gas fees.

Why it is a top pick for 2026?
As more AAA-quality games launch on the blockchain, they need a home that can handle millions of transactions per second without clogging up. Xai is currently the frontrunner in this space, making it a high-potential play for the upcoming gaming cycle.

2. Degen (DEGEN)

Degen is one of the most fascinating stories in the crypto space. It started as a simple reward token for users of the "Farcaster" social media protocol but quickly evolved into its own Layer 3 blockchain built on Base.

What makes it unique?
Degen is the first "community-first" Layer 3. It is designed specifically for low-cost, high-frequency micro-transactions—like tipping a content creator a few cents. Because it is an L3, these transactions cost fractions of a penny.

Why it is a top pick for 2026:
The "SocialFi" (Social Finance) sector is predicted to grow massively. Degen has captured a loyal, cult-like following that rivals major memecoins, but it has the technical utility of a serious blockchain.

3. Arbitrum (ARB)

While Arbitrum is technically a Layer 2 scaling solution, it is the most critical infrastructure player for the Layer 3 revolution. Through its technology stack called Arbitrum Orbit, it allows developers to launch their own Layer 3 chains easily.

What makes it unique?
Think of Arbitrum as the landlord. When projects like Xai (and dozens of others) build their Layer 3 chains, they build them on top of Arbitrum. This secures their networks and drives value back to the Arbitrum ecosystem.

Why it is a top pick for 2026:
Investing in Arbitrum is the safer "infrastructure bet." Instead of trying to pick which specific Layer 3 game or app will win, you are betting on the platform that powers them all.

4. Optimism (OP)

Optimism has a grand vision called the Superchain. They are not just building a blockchain; they are building a network of interconnected Layer 2 and Layer 3 chains that can all talk to each other seamlessly.

What makes it unique?
The "OP Stack" is the software that powers this vision. It has been adopted by some of the biggest names in the world. For example, Coinbase used it to build their Base chain, and Sony is exploring it for their own blockchain initiatives.

Why it is a top pick for 2026:
As major corporations enter Web3, they are choosing the OP Stack to build their custom chains. This institutional adoption positions Optimism as a titan of Layer 3 infrastructure for years to come.

5. Orbs (ORBS)

Orbs sits in a unique position. It doesn't try to replace L1s or L2s; instead, it acts as a decentralized backend that enhances them. It is often referred to as "Layer 3" infrastructure because it handles complex logic that smart contracts on Ethereum can't handle efficiently.

What makes it unique?
Orbs focuses on making DeFi trading better. It powers advanced trading protocols, liquidity aggregators, and decentralized derivatives.

Why it is a top pick for 2026:
As Decentralized Finance (DeFi) tries to compete with traditional stock markets, it needs the advanced execution logic that Orbs provides. It is a vital piece of plumbing for the financial side of crypto.

How to Position Your Portfolio

The "Layer 3" narrative is all about specialization.

• For high growth potential, look at specific Layer 3 tokens like Xai (XAI) and Degen (DEGEN).
• For long-term stability, look at the foundational layers that host these chains, specifically Arbitrum (ARB) and Optimism (OP).

In the blockchain universe, the debate over "consensus" usually centers on Bitcoin (Proof of Work) versus Ethereum (Proof of Stake). However, as blockchain technology migrates from open public networks to closed corporate environments, a new contender has emerged: Proof of Authority (PoA).

While these two mechanisms—PoS and PoA—might sound similar, they represent two completely different philosophies on trust. One is built on economic incentives (wealth), while the other is built on reputation (identity). Understanding the difference is crucial for anyone looking to invest in enterprise-grade crypto projects.

A Quick Refresher: Proof of Stake (PoS)

To understand the alternative, we first need to look at the standard. Proof of Stake (PoS) is currently the dominant consensus mechanism for smart contract platforms like Ethereum, Cardano, and Solana.

In a PoS system, the network is secured by capital.

• The Mechanism: Validators lock up (stake) their cryptocurrency tokens.
• The Incentive: If they validate transactions correctly, they earn rewards. If they try to cheat, the network "slashes" (confiscates) their money.
• The Philosophy: Money talks. The more you have to lose, the more likely you are to play by the rules. It is permissionless, meaning anyone with enough money can become a validator.

What is Proof of Authority (PoA)?

Proof of Authority flips the script. Instead of securing the network with money, it secures the network with identity.

In a PoA system, you cannot just buy your way in. Validators are pre-approved, known entities.

• The Mechanism: Validators are vetted and given the "authority" to validate blocks. These are often reputable companies, partners, or institutions.
• The Incentive: There is no staking of coins. Instead, validators stake their reputation. If a validator acts maliciously, they are identified immediately and kicked off the network, causing massive reputational damage to their brand.
• The Philosophy: Trust people, not just math. It is permissioned, meaning only a select few can run the network.

The Trade-Off: Efficiency vs. Decentralization

Why would anyone choose PoA over the open nature of PoS? The answer is speed.

Because PoS networks have to coordinate thousands of anonymous validators around the world, they can suffer from latency. PoA networks, on the other hand, might only have 10 or 20 trusted nodes.

• Throughput: PoA networks can process transactions incredibly fast with almost zero fees because the consensus overhead is so low.
• Scalability: This makes PoA ideal for supply chain tracking (like VeChain) or private banking networks where high volume is non-negotiable.

However, the cost is centralization. A PoA network is not censorship-resistant. If the 10 authorities decide to blacklist your address, they can. In a PoS network, the decentralized mob prevents this level of control.

Which One is Better?

It depends on the use case.

• Choose PoS for public cryptocurrencies where censorship resistance and open participation are the main goals (e.g., decentralized finance).
• Choose PoA for enterprise and consortium blockchains where performance, compliance, and accountability are more important than anonymity (e.g., logistics, healthcare data).

Conclusion

Blockchain isn't a monolith. While Proof of Stake democratizes the network by allowing anyone with capital to participate, Proof of Authority provides the efficiency and accountability that big business demands. Both are essential for the Web3 ecosystem to mature.

For humans, seeing is effortless. You open your eyes, and instantly, your brain understands everything in front of you. You know that the tall object is a tree, the moving object is a car, and the person smiling is your friend. It happens in milliseconds, and you don't even have to think about it.

For computers, however, "seeing" is incredibly difficult. A camera lens captures light, but it doesn't understand context. To a standard computer, a photo of a cat isn't a cat; it is just a grid of colored pixels. It has no idea what it is looking at.

This gap between capturing an image and understanding it is being bridged by a technology called Computer Vision. While it sounds like heavy technical jargon, it is actually the magic ingredient that makes the Metaverse possible. Without it, Virtual Reality is just a screen strapped to your face. With it, the digital world becomes a responsive, living environment that knows exactly where you are and what you are doing.

From Selfies to Avatars

The most immediate way we experience Computer Vision is through our digital identities. In the early days of gaming, creating an avatar meant spending hours moving sliders to adjust nose shape and eye color, only to end up with a character that looked nothing like you.

Computer Vision changes this game entirely. It allows an AI to analyze a 2D photo of your face, map the depth, recognize the unique geometry of your cheekbones and jawline, and reconstruct a photorealistic 3D model in seconds. This is the technology behind those viral filters on social media, but in the Metaverse, it goes much deeper. It ensures that when you enter a virtual meeting room, your avatar isn't just a generic cartoon; it is a digital twin that carries your likeness. This psychological connection is vital for making the Metaverse feel like a real place rather than just a video game.

The Magic of Hand Tracking

If you have ever used a VR headset, you know the clumsiness of holding plastic controllers. You have to learn which button makes your hand make a fist and which trigger makes you point. It breaks the immersion. It feels like you are operating a machine, not existing in a world.

The goal of the Metaverse is to throw the controllers away. This is where Computer Vision shines through gesture recognition. Cameras on the outside of the headset track your hands in real-time. The AI analyzes the position of your fingers and joints, allowing you to reach out and grab a digital cup, wave to a friend, or type on a virtual keyboard using just your bare hands.

This is the "Minority Report" future we were promised. It lowers the barrier to entry significantly. You don't need to be a gamer with fast reflexes to use the Metaverse; you just need to know how to use your hands, something you have been doing since you were born.

Mapping the World with SLAM

Perhaps the most impressive feat of Computer Vision is a concept with a fantastic acronym: SLAM (Simultaneous Localization and Mapping).

Imagine wearing Augmented Reality (AR) glasses that project a digital chessboard onto your kitchen table. For that illusion to work, the computer needs to know exactly where the table is, how far away it is, and where the floor is. If you walk around the table, the chessboard needs to stay locked in place.

SLAM allows the device to map an unknown environment while simultaneously keeping track of your location within it. It constantly scans the room, identifying edges, surfaces, and furniture. This is what stops your digital pet from walking through walls or floating in mid-air. It anchors the digital fantasy to physical reality, creating a seamless blend that tricks your brain into believing the hologram is actually there.

The Privacy Elephant in the Room

However, as we discussed with biometrics, giving computers the ability to "see" comes with massive responsibility. If a device can map your living room to place a digital chessboard, it also knows the layout of your house. It knows what brand of cereal is on your counter. It knows who is sitting on your couch.

Computer Vision is the ultimate surveillance tool. In the wrong hands, the data collected by Metaverse headsets could be used to build invasive profiles of users. This is why the intersection of AI and Blockchain is so critical. We need the immersion of Computer Vision, but we need the security of decentralized encryption to ensure that what our headsets see stays private.

Conclusion

Computer Vision is the engine that turns raw data into human experience. It is the technology that allows the Metaverse to look back at us and understand what it sees. As the hardware gets smaller and the AI gets smarter, the line between the physical and digital worlds will blur until it vanishes completely.

USS Status Launch: Crypto Pioneer Returns with Satirical Cartoon, Privacy App, and Gasless L2 Blockchain

The Plasma Puzzle: Is XLP Crypto the Scalable Future or a Overhyped Mirage?

You know the feeling. You’re sitting there, phone in hand, ready to execute a simple token swap. You confirm the transaction, and then you see it—the gas fee. It’s a number so absurd it feels like a personal insult. It’s in these moments, scrolling through wallet-draining Ethereum fees or waiting an eternity for a confirmation, that we all start searching for something better

Lately, that  something better  has a name that keeps popping up: Plasma Coin (XLP). Your Twitter feed is buzzing with it. Crypto Telegram groups are filled with whispers of its potential. And like any savvy trader, you’ve probably found yourself typing those three simple words into Google: What is Plasma?

I get it. I’ve been there. Through the dizzying highs of the 2024 bull run and the soul-crushing lows of the 2022 crash, the one constant in crypto is the relentless search for the next genuine innovation, not just the next meme coin. So, let’s cut through the noise together. Forget the shills and the fear-mongering; we're going to have a real, grounded conversation about Plasma—the technology, the XLP coin, and whether it truly holds the key to solving the problems that plague our daily trading lives.

So, What Is Plasma, Really? Let's Ditch the Jargon.

There is a moment of pure euphoria when you sell a rare NFT for a 500% profit or finally cash out the tokens you earned from months of grinding in a Play-to-Earn game. It feels like magic internet money. It feels like it exists in a separate dimension, far away from the boring laws of the real world.

But then, tax season arrives, and reality hits you like a cold bucket of water.

The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) and tax agencies around the world do not care that your asset is a digital dragon or a plot of virtual land on Mars. To them, value is value. As the Metaverse grows from a niche hobby into a trillion-dollar economy, the taxman is catching up, and ignorance is no longer a valid defense. If you are making money in the digital world, you owe money in the physical one.

The Property Classification

The most confusing part for new investors is understanding what they actually own in the eyes of the law. You might see your cryptocurrency as currency, something to be used to buy coffee or virtual sneakers. But most tax authorities, including the IRS in the United States, view crypto assets as Property, not currency.

This distinction changes everything. It means that buying a coffee with Bitcoin is technically a taxable event, just like selling a stock. Every time you move value—whether you are selling a virtual house in Decentraland or swapping tokens on a decentralized exchange—you are effectively selling property. You have to calculate the difference between what you paid for it (your cost basis) and what it was worth when you spent it. If the value went up, you owe Capital Gains Tax.

The Hidden Trap of Crypto-to-Crypto Trades

This is where 90% of Metaverse participants get trapped. Let’s say you bought Ethereum (ETH) on the Spot market when it was $1,000. A few months later, ETH goes to $3,000. You decide to use that ETH to buy a rare NFT avatar for the Metaverse.

In your mind, you just bought a picture. In the eyes of the taxman, you did two things simultaneously. First, you sold your Ethereum for a $2,000 profit (triggering a capital gains tax). Second, you used the proceeds to buy the NFT. Even though you never touched US Dollars, you owe taxes on that $2,000 gain. This "invisible tax" catches thousands of traders off guard every year, leaving them with a tax bill but no cash to pay it.

Income vs. Capital Gains

The situation gets even stickier for Play-to-Earn gamers. If you are playing a game like Axie Infinity or managing a virtual casino in The Sandbox, the tokens you receive as rewards aren't capital gains; they are Income.

It is treated exactly the same as if you worked a job and got a paycheck. You have to report the fair market value of those tokens on the day you received them as ordinary income. Then, if you hold those tokens and they go up in value before you sell them, you also have to pay capital gains tax on that appreciation. It is a double-layer of taxation that requires meticulous record-keeping.

The Wash Sale Rule (and Lack Thereof)

There is one silver lining in this cloudy sky, at least for now. In the stock market, you cannot sell a losing stock to claim a tax deduction and then immediately buy it back. This is called the "Wash Sale Rule."

However, because crypto is classified as property, this rule currently does not apply in many jurisdictions (though legislation is closing this loophole fast). This allows savvy Metaverse investors to engage in "Tax Loss Harvesting." If your portfolio of Metaverse tokens is down 80% during a bear market, you can sell them to realize the loss, which offsets your gains from other investments, and then potentially buy back similar assets. It is one of the few tools traders have to manage their tax burden legally.

Conclusion

The Metaverse is a wild frontier, but the sheriff has arrived. As governments deploy advanced blockchain analytics tools, the days of hiding your digital gains are over. The blockchain is a permanent public record, meaning the IRS can audit your transactions from five years ago just as easily as they can check today's trades.